Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of parasite prevalence and abundance of hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Abstract

Background: Ticks are ectoparasites and can be vectors of a wide range of pathogens, posing
significant health risks to livestock. In the Sahara Desert of Algeria, particularly among onehumped camels (Camelus dromedarius), there is a need to better understand the factors influencing tick infestation patterns to improve livestock management and health outcomes.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of hardbodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) among dromedaries, examining both intrinsic factors (sex, age,
coat color) and extrinsic variables (farming systems, vegetation types, climate zones, and
elevation) that might influence tick infestation in this region.
Methods: Ticks were collected from 286 dromedaries across nine sites in the pre-Saharan regions
of Algeria, with elevations ranging from 736 m to 980 m. The sampled camels, which ranged in
age from 6 days to 21 years, were examined for tick infestations. The ticks were identified
through macroscopic and microscopic methods, and their abundance was analyzed in relation to
the camels’ characteristics and environmental factors. Three breeding systems were recognized:
extensive, intensive, and mixed.
Results: A total of 980 ticks were collected, with Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 being the most
abundant species (553 specimens), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
(393 specimens), and Hyalomma excavatum Koch, 1844 (34 specimens). H. dromedarii showed apreference for parasitizing brown-coated dromedaries and exhibited significantly higher infestation levels during spring (p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between tick
infestation and the camels’ age or sex (p > 0.05). However, the farming system had a significant
impact on tick abundance, with extensive and mixed systems showing higher tick burdens
compared to intensive systems (p < 0.01). Additionally, the vegetation type, climate zone, and
foraging habitat elevation were found to significantly influence tick densities and prevalence.
Conclusion: This study provides essential insights into the tick infestation dynamics in dromedaries in drylands of Algeria. It highlights the influence of coat color, seasonality, and farming
practices on tick burden, with brown-coated camels being more susceptible during the spring. The
findings underline the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when
developing effective tick control strategies, especially for camels raised in extensive or mixed
farming systems in diverse arid rangelands. Future research should expand the scope to cover
other arid regions in North Africa for a comprehensive understanding of tick-host dynamics.

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